Hebden
: Chemistry 11 Honours
Notes
and
Hebden
: Advanced Placement
Notes
This 325 page set of notes was originally written for my students when I taught Chemistry 11 Honours and Advanced Placement Chemistry. I believe the notes may also benefit teachers and students involved with the International Baccalaureate program.
The notes are modeled after
Hebden : Chemistry 12,
A Workbook for Students and
Hebden
: Chemistry 11,
A Workbook for Students.
However, the Chemistry
11 and 12 Workbooks are copyrighted,
may not be copied (even in part) and are sold through our exclusive
distributor, Western
Campus Resources (
www.westerncampus.ca ).
In contrast, this set of
Chemistry 11 Honours and Advanced Placement Chemistry notes is being
put into the public domain to be used freely by teachers,
without payment to anyone,
including the author.
Although originally I had some idea of publishing the notes,
the small audience/demand made that unrealistic and hence the notes
are now being made available to teachers and students for their use
as they see fit. I only
ask that the credit lines at the top of the even pages (“Hebden
: Chemistry AP”,
etc.) be retained or
suitably acknowledged if the notes are used,
revised or modified by a teacher.
The set of notes is in the form of individual documents for each
unit and a separate document for the answer section to each unit.
Unlike the Chemistry 11 and 12 Workbooks,
there are no cartoons (teachers will simply have to tell their own
jokes), no table of
contents, no glossary
and no set of tables.
However, two
supplementary documents have been included:
Least Squares Fit of Data
Points to a Linear Equation and
Thermodynamics
Data Table.
These documents are explained below.
Because Advanced Placement Chemistry requires a slightly enriched
background for students taking the course,
the documents I used to enrich Chemistry 11 Honours are also
included.
The material on pages 6–10 of
VALENCE BOND THEORY AND MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY (AP Valence
Bond Theory.doc) and the
associated answers on pages 1–2 of
ANSWERS TO VALENCE BOND
THEORY AND MOLECULAR ORBITAL
THEORY (AP Valence Bond Theory.Answers.doc)
are taken directly from
Hebden : Chemistry 11, A
Workbook for Students,
pages 183-188. These copyrighted pages are used with the permission
of the author and may only be used for their intended purpose as
review of the immediately–following AP material.
The included copyright review material may not be altered,
reproduced or used in any other context.
Because the notes have not been as thoroughly edited for errors as
were the Chemistry 11 and 12 Workbooks,
there may still be some errors in the notes.
Let the user beware! The notes are thought to be more-or-less
error-free, but such a
pie-in-the-sky dream is unlikely to be true.
If serious errors are found,
please contact me at
jhebden@shaw.ca and I will see if a revision is warranted.
Laboratory experiments appropriate to the AP course include those
found in the excellent lab book “Essential Experiments for
Chemistry” by Duncan Morrison and Darrel Scodellaro (www.smglabbooks.com).
Particularly,
experiments 7A, 8A,
8B, 8C,
11D, 16B,
16C and 16E. In addition,
I have previous submitted several student experiments to the BC
Science Teachers'
Association
website (www.bcscta.ca/resources/hebden/labhebdenAP.htm)
The material in the set of notes includes the following document
files. The number following the name of each file denotes the number
of pages in the document.
CHEMISTRY 11 HONOURS NOTES
Chem 11 Hons Unit II.doc
(5) /
Chem 11 Hons Unit
II.Answers.doc (3) – This unit is used to introduce
students to an analytical way of solving problems by organizing
their thinking. The
vehicle used is the solving of problems related to the density of
objects that float or sink in fluids,
and the buoyancy of objects in liquids.
Chem 11 Hons Unit V.doc
(7) /
Chem 11 Hons Unit
V.Answers.doc (7) – This unit includes:
calculations based on Avogadro’s Hypothesis;
determining empirical formulae from combustion of hydrocarbons;
alternate methods of expressing concentration
– % (w/w), % (v/v),
ppm and ppb.
Chem 11 Hons Unit VIII.doc
(16) /
Chem 11 Hons Unit
VIII.Answers.doc (2) – This unit,
titled Nuclear
Reactions,
covers: introductory
terminology, balancing
nuclear reactions,
energy from nuclear reactions (non-testable),
types of nuclear reactions (atomic fusion,
induced fission,
annihilation and transmutation),
radioactive decay (types of radioactive decay [eg.
alpha decay, beta decay,
positron decay, gamma
decay, electron capture
and spontaneous fission],
the band of nuclear stability,
half life [including calculations],
and radioactive decay series),
nuclear reactors (the CANDU reactor,
fast breeder reactors and the problem of nuclear waste disposal),
and some applications of radioactivity (radiological dating,
tracer analysis and neutron activation analysis).
ADVANCED PLACEMENT CHEMISTRY NOTES
AP Cubic Crystals
(7)
/ AP Cubic Crystals Answers (4) – Students learn
about simple, body
centered and face centered cubic crystal lattices,
as well as hexagonal close packed lattices.
This is standard introductory material for cubic/hexagonal crystals.
Students use both 2- and 3-dimensional geometry to solve some
problems.
AP Reaction Kinetics
(24)
/ AP Reaction Kinetics Answers (6) – Topics covered
include: the rate law,
units of the rate constant,
experimental determination of the rate law,
natural logarithms,
reaction order and molecularity,
first order reactions,
half life, second order
reactions, graphical
representation of reaction order and rate constant,
calculations involving activation energy (the Arrhenius equation),
free radicals and chain reactions.
Least Squares Fit
(1) – This document outlines the mathematical method of linear least
squares fit for experimental data.
By means of a least squares fit (also called “linear regression”),
an experimenter can derive the best numerical value of the slope and
intercept for a set of data points that obey a straight-line
relationship. Such
numerical methods are the “bread and butter” of scientists analyzing
data in experimental situations,
and an early exposure to such methods is of benefit to students.
(Copies of the mathematical formulae for non-linear data fitting –
quadratic, inverse,
inverse square,
logarithmic, exponential
and exponential square – are available from the author.)
AP Gas Laws.doc
(23) /
AP Gas Laws.Answers.doc
(9) – Topics covered include:
measuring gas pressure,
Avogadro’s Hypothesis (a review),
Boyle’s law, Dalton’s
law of partial pressures,
vapour pressure (molecular theory of vapour pressure [including
freeze drying, the
effect of compressing the vapour above a liquid]
and boiling temperature),
Charles’ law, the ideal
gas law (including calculations on single and multiple sets of
conditions), Graham’s
law of effusion, the
kinetic molecular theory or “collision theory”,
systems of real gases and deviations from ideality (including the
van der Waals equation),
phase diagrams and the critical point.
AP Equilibrium.doc
(4) /
AP Equilibrium.Answers.doc
(1) – Topics covered include:
equilibrium laws for gaseous reactions and rate laws involving
equilibrium processes.
AP Solubility.doc
(6) /
AP Solubility.Answers.doc
(4) – Topics covered include: the effect of differing heats of
solution on the solubility, crystal lattice energy and hydration
energy (including the Born-Haber cycle), common ion effect
calculations.
AP Colligative Properties.doc
(14) /
AP Colligative
Properties.Answers.doc (9) – Topics covered include:
concentration calculations (mole fraction,
mole percent, percentage
concentration, molal
concentration),
colligative properties (vapour pressure lowering of a solvent by a
solute, boiling point
elevation, freezing
point depression,
osmotic pressure).
AP Thermodynamics.doc
(30) /
Thermodynamcs.Answers.doc
(11) – Topics covered include:
basic definitions, the
first law of thermodynamics (including P–V work,
enthalpy, calorimetry,
bomb calorimetry, Hess’s
Law and bond energies),
the second law of thermodynamics,
the third law of thermodynamics,
Gibb’s free energy,
standard free energies,
the effect of temperature on free energy,
free energy and equilibrium,
free energy and maximum work,
the free energy of non-equilibrium systems,
the relationship between Kp
and
∆Go.
Thermodynamics Data Table.doc
(3) – This data table includes sufficient data for solving the
exercises involved in the unit
AP Thermodynamics.
In addition to the specific heats for the phases of water and the
molar heats of fusion and evaporation for water,
the main table includes values of
,
and
So
for selected elements and compounds.
AP Acids.doc
(28) /
AP Acids.Answers
(9) – Topics covered include:
calculating total dissociation constants,
the reason behind the periodic trend in acid strengths,
pH of acid-base mixtures,
the amphoteric nature of aqueous metal ions,
buffer calculations (including the Henderson–Hasselbalch equation),
Lewis acids and bases,
complex ions and coordination compounds,
writing the formulae of coordination compounds,
the rules for naming coordination compounds,
isomerism in complexes.
AP Electronic Structure of Atoms.doc
(34) /
AP Electronic Structure of
Atoms.Answers.doc (8) – Topics covered include:
background to the development of modern atomic theory (the wave
behavior of light, the
birth of the quantum,
the photoelectric effect,
and atomic line spectra),
review of the energy level diagram for hydrogen,
the shapes of electron orbitals,
review of the energy level diagram for polyelectronic atoms,
review of electron configurations,
quantum numbers (the principal quantum number,
the angular momentum quantum number,
the magnetic quantum number,
the electron spin quantum number),
ionization energies,
electron affinity,
oxidation state, some
relationships between electron configurations and periodic
properties, crystal
field splittings in transition metal complexes (including high spin
and low spin octahedral complexes,
other geometries, the
colour of transition metal complexes).
AP Valence Bond Theory.doc
(29) /
AP Valence Bond
Theory.Answers.doc (10) – Topics covered include:
introduction (initial definitions,
orbital diagrams,
hybridization), review
of Lewis structures,
Valence–Shell Electron–Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) theory,
sigma and pi bonds,
resonance, drawing the
resonance structures of a neutral molecule,
formal charge, molecular
orbital theory (including background theory and terminology,
the MO’s and energy levels of molecules made from H and He,
the MO’s and energy levels of molecules involving second row
elements, a brief
comment on delocalized MO’s,
a comparison of valence bond and molecular orbital theory).
AP Electrochemistry.doc
(7) /
AP
Electrochemistry.Answers.doc (4) – Topics covered
include: electrolysis
calculations, Gibb’s
free energy of electrochemical cells,
concentration cells, and
the Nernst equation.